Management and Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Management and Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example By not offering any type of training, the company has struggled. In order to help with this scenario, the advertising agency needs to begin offering more training for its employees. However, this is not the only leadership issue that needs to be changed. Management does need to address a few more issues, and this has to do with their overall attitude towards their employees. There is also an uneven distribution of work in the environment, and this can also hurt employee morale. Those with more work feel overworked, and those with less work feel that they are being overlooked. This often also creates the problem of self-serving bias, and this can greatly harm the view of management toward employees. It is also important for management to begin trying to apply the concept of Theory X versus Theory Y when approaching their employees (Denton, 1999). McClelland's Theory of Needs should also be considered by management, because these employees have a need for achievement and achievement would also help to increase employee morale. Another problem in this scenario is the lack of group dynamics in the company. Most of the employees are too frightened to speak up or go against management, and/or they are not motivated to do so. This means that they hide, and do not share their ideas, and that they simply go along with what management states, whether they want to or not. This also hurts employee morale, and thus management needs to change their approach to group meetings (Employee Productivity Increases Morale, 1999). Analysis of Scenario Leadership Approach Several leadership approaches could be used to help increase employee morale in this situation. Making sure employee morale is functioning properly is very important as far as the company's long term goals are concerned. If employees are not happy, turnover rates will increase and productivity will decrease. In order to have management use effective leadership to solve the problem, it is important to have them consider Chris Young's "Eight Strategies for Improving Employee Morale." Young gives a very complete list with excellent definitions and ideas of how leadership can improve morale by using a few effective ideas. These concepts could be applied to the management at the advertising agency in order to help increase employee productivity and employee morale (Ginzbert, 1985). Young first mentions the concept of "negative energy." What is this concept and what causes it Several items actually cause it, and negative energy is an overall feeling of disgust towards certain aspects of the job. This negative energy hurts employee morale, and thus also hurts the company. Therefore, the advertising agency, which is clearly suffering from this concept, can use Young's ideas to overcome this problem. Management Strategies According to Young, the first item to consider is that of the job fit. Basically, the problem could be as simple as this being the wrong person for the job-the job itself is not what the individual expected, or he or she just does not have the personality, drive, or interest to complete the job tasks (How Low Staff Morale Can Have Serious Consequences, 2007). Management needs to be able to assess individual's abilities and personalities in order to make sure that

Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise in Markets Essay - 5

Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise in Markets - Essay Example This essay focuses on Google company that is a very successful modern and innovative company because it excels in the three fields of innovation, entrepreneurial skills, and developing opportunities. Its business success is probably unprecedented, that's why the researcher explored the company in the essay. Google has grown into a multi-billion dollar industry in just over 13 years. The researcher investigates Google’s business history and their key strategies from the perspective of three ways, such as their innovative strategies, their partnerships, and acquisitions. This strategies have given them an edge and made this organisation such an amazing success story. It is hard to squeeze Google into management theories because it only innovates; that is how it runs its operations and finances. Marketing theories are based on creating/selling products that people demand, whereas at Google, employees work hard to create something new that is good enough to create its own demand. Additionally, when a multi-billion dollar company such as Google hunts for venture capital investment from anywhere and everywhere around the globe, it shows it operations by its own rules and does not fit into any orthodox management theories. No one can contest its business operations because of the entrepreneurial achievements for which it is known. After discussing Google from the three aspects stated above, this essay draws solid conclusions as to what can be deduced from the discussion and analysis.

Effect of Water to Cement Ratio on Concrete

Effect of Water to Cement Ratio on Concrete Introduction In construction projects, concrete, along with steel, wood, glass, etc, is one of the most essential materials that are needed for a successful manufacture of a structure. It one of the most common materials on a construction site and accounts for billions of pounds everywhere across the world. Due to ever-increasing machinery and technological advancements concrete can now be made of a mixture of compound materials, nevertheless the necessary components of concrete are course or fine aggregates, Portland Cement and water. In the current times, concrete structures are manufactured every day and to sustain a safe environment for people, so it is vital that that the structures that are built are sturdy, durable and do not cause any hazards to people. It is therefore a huge task for construction companies to guarantee that the structures that are built are done so to meet all the specific safety codes, British Standards or the Euro Code Standards. The properties of concrete are very vit al as they provide the necessary stability that structures are dependent on to maintain their sturdiness. As a result it is essential to research and be aware of the distinctive components of concrete and its properties, and how in this experiment these might affect the way that concrete performs when changing some variables.  (Richardson, 2002). The workability of a concrete mix gives a measure of the ease with which fresh concrete can be placed and compacted. The concrete should flow readily into the form and go around and cover the reinforcement, the mix should retain its consistency and the aggregates should not segregate. There are four factors that can affect the workability are: Consistency: The degree of consistency is depended on the nature of works and type of compaction. Water/cement Ratio or Water Control of a concrete: Water/cement ratio is the ratio of water in a mix to the weight of cement. The quality of water that required for a mix is depended on the mix proportions, types and grading of aggregate. Grading of Aggregate: The smooth and rounded aggregate will produce a more workable concrete than the sharp angular aggregate. Cement Content: The greater workability can be obtained with the higher cement content. Aims The aim of this experiment was to establish the effects of water to cement ratio on the  fresh properties of concrete (workability), and its effect on the hardened properties  of concrete (strength). Furthermore to increase the understanding in making a concrete mixture and working out the water content that needs to be added to the mixtures. And last to expand on the understanding of the importance of fresh and hard properties of concrete. Objectives The objectives of the experiment were to make three concrete mixtures by altering their water/cement ratios (0.47, 0.55 0.65) and to find out the water content to use for the three mixtures. To do a variety of tests such as the slump test, compacting factor test on fresh concrete and to carry out compressive and flexural strength tests of hardened concrete. Then finally to discuss how features such as variation in the water/cement ratio affects the workability  and strength of concrete. Theory Concrete Production, concrete is a mixture that is made up of three components, cement, water and aggregate. The water and cement are mixed together to produce a thick paste, to which then measured out aggregates are added to. The aggregates that are added are mainly composed of usual materials such as sand, gravel and crushed rocks, however due to the latest advanced technology; it has been known that other materials such as car tyres and crushed glass to be also used as aggregates. The cement is produced by blending limestone and clay, and burning it in a rotary kiln, this results in the formation of a clinker, to which gypsum is added. The mix is then ground down to fine powder cement, in which the most common is called Portland Cement. The cement/water slurry solidifies through a chemical reaction called hydration, the reaction produces immense heat so fresh concrete must by no means be handled with unprotected bare hands. During the winter season, temperatures drop below 2Âà ‚ °C, so the chemical hydration reaction may be very slow as heat is needed as a catalyst to speed up the collision of the particles. Therefore concrete pours during these seasons are not suitable as the concrete will not set. Initially this reaction is slow to start with, so this allows for the concrete to be transported and poured before it is hardened, and the theory states that complete 100% hydration takes place after 28 days. Properties of Concrete: There are four key properties that are desired in fresh concrete i.e.  good workability, compactability, mobility and stability. The most desired properties for  hardened concrete are strength and durability. The concrete should have compressive strength  (resist squeezing), tensile strength (resist stretching) and flexural strength (resist bending). All these strengths are highly dependent on the water/cement ratio and aggregate used in the  mixture, the degree of compaction and the age of the concrete. Curing concrete under water  over time allows hydration to continue hence giving it strength. The concrete used in this experiment was a C30 concrete grade and according to B.S. 5328  the compressive strength for this grade at 28 days is 30.0 N/ sq mm which can also be written  as 30 MPa which is adequate for use in beams, however this is only an estimation as there  are other factors (mentioned above) that affect concrete strength. In this experiment the slump  test and the compacting factor test were used to assess the workability and uniformity of  concrete. The deflection/ flexural strength test was carried out to evaluate the strength of the  concrete beam (mini beam sample) and find the failure load of the mini beam (100mm by  100mm by 500mm). The compressive strength was carried out to determine the maximum  failure load of the cube samples (150mm by 150mm) and the cylinder samples (150mm by  300mm) (Barnes 1992). MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT Casting Equipment Concrete mixer Bucket (average size) Measuring Cylinder Shovel Wheel Borough Scale Figure 2: Shows Compaction Factor Apparatus. (used to determine workability of concrete  mixture) Figure 3: Slump Test Apparatus B.S. Slump cone (300mm high, tapering from a 100mm diameter top to a 200mm  diameter bottom) Slump rod (or steel tamping rod) (16 mm diameter, 600mm long, with rounded ends) Flat metal base plate (600 sq mm) (K0837225) Page 5 9. Metal Rule (300mm long) 10. Metal Scoop 11. Levelling Trowel 12. Waste rag 13. Vibrating Table 14. Moulds 6 no. Cube Moulds (150mm by 150mm) 3 no. Cylinder Moulds (150mm by 300mm) 3 no. Mini beam Moulds (100mm by 100mm by 500mm) 15. Materials Course Aggregates (Stones) Fine Aggregates (Sand) Cement Water (Tap) *Note: Aggregate used was natural aggregate used was from London. Therefore no need for  determining aggregate moisture content as aggregate is assumed to be laboratory dry to  SSD. Hence no considerable effect on water-cemet ratio. Striking Equipment 1. Pressure pipe (for striking cubes and cylinders) 2. Brushes (Soft and Hard metal brushes) 3. Oil, oil brush and rugs (for cleaning moulds before storing) 4. Crayon (for labelling concrete samples) 5. Curing room Testing Equipment 1. Compressive test machinery Figure 4: Shows the Compressive test machine used to apply loads on cubes and cylinder  samples 2. Deflection test machinery (Picture shown in figure 3. Load reader/display 4. Concrete samples 5. Digital Camera *Personal Protective Clothing was worn on all days of the experiment (Safety boots and Coats, individuals handling concrete wore protective gloves). METHODOLOGY Concrete Production: 1. Aggregates were readily weighed and placed into buckets. Quantities (constants) used in  all Concrete Mixes are shown below: Material Quantitative Weight (Kg) Cement (CEM1) 6.50 Fine Aggregate (Sand) 16.55 Natural Course Aggregate (Stones) 26.00 2. The amount of water required was determined by using the formulae shown below. Water content = (water/cement ratio) x cement weight. 3. Water was measured into a bucket using measuring cylinders. 4. The water/cement ratio was set as the variable between 3 Concrete Mixes (to determine  the effect of water/cement ratio on the strength and workability of the concrete). Water  content quantities used are shown on table 1. Table 1: Water/Cement Ratio (variable) for Concrete Mixes 1, 2 3 Concrete Mix Water/Cement Ratio Water Content (litres) 1 0.47 3 2 0.55 3.6 3 0.65 4.25 *See Appendix 1 for Actual Calculations Carried Out. 5. The concrete mixer paddles and pan were lightly dampened before aggregates were  placed in the mixer. 6. Course and fine aggregates were placed into the mixer and mixed for 30seconds. 7. Half the water required for the mix was added to the mixture and the contents were  further mixed for 1 minute. 8. The contents were covered and left for 8 minutes, to allow aggregates to absorb water,  (because aggregates are porous therefore they should soak in water into voids to get a good  mix and bonding with cementious (water/cement) paste). 9. Cement was spread evenly over the aggregates and mixed for 1 minute. 10. The remaining water was added and the contents were mixed for 2 minutes ensuring  homogeneity of the mix. 11. Workability tests were then carried out, in the order shown below. *Note; immediately after each test the used concrete was returned into the mixer and the contents were remixed for 30 seconds. FRESH CONCRETE TESTS Compacting Factor Test: 1. Trap doors of all hoppers were shut prior to beginning the test. 2. Sample of freshly mixed concrete was scooped from the mixer into the upper hopper, the  concrete sample was filled up to the brim of the upper hopper. 3. The trap-door of upper hopper was opened, to enable concrete to fall into the lower  hopper. 4. After all concrete had been collected onto lower hopper, the trap-door of the lower hopper  was then opened and the concrete allowed to fall into the cylinder. 5. Excess concrete remaining above the top level of the cylinder was then cut off using a  plane blade. 6. The concrete collected in the cylinder was then weighed. (This weight is known as the  weight of partially compacted concrete). 7. The concrete filled cylinder was vibrated to obtain full compaction, and more concrete  was added to the cylinder as required to ensure the vibrated/compacted concrete was  filled to the brim of the cylinder. 8. The now fully compacted concrete in the cylinder was weighed. 9. The compacting factor was then obtained using the formulae shown below. Compacting factor = (Weight of partially compacted concrete)/(Weight of fully  compacted concrete) Figure 5: Shows steps followed during the compacting factor test. 1) Compacting factor equipment. 2) Partially compacted weight is taken on a scale, 3) The concrete is vibrated/compacted  on a vibrating table and then the contents are toped up and vibrated to the rim container and the  partially compacted weight was taken. Slump Test: Concrete was thoroughly mixed in the concrete mixer. The slump cone was dampened to prevent concrete sticking to it. The slump cone/mould was placed on the centre of the metal plate and one individual was  asked to stand on the foot pieces on both sides of the mould. The mould was filled in 3 equal depth layers and each layer was rod 25 times using the  steel slump rod (ensuring even spread of blows covering over the whole area). Concrete was heaped over the top of the cone and with a rolling motion of the rod over  top of the mold the concrete was levelled thus removing the excess concrete. The spillage was carefully removed from the sides of the mould and the base plate   The mould/cone was carefully and slowly lifted vertically upwards. The slump cone was turned upside down and placed next to the molded concrete and the  rod was laid across the slump cone and the distance (slump) between the underside of the  rod and the highest point of the moulded concrete were read using a metal rule. There are different kinds of slump a collapsed slump, sheared slump and a true slump. The first two slump types indicate bad workability and a true slump indicates good  workability. Concrete Beam Casting Curing: Concrete was scooped out of the mixer into oiled moulds on the vibrating table (ensuring  even spread). Concrete was vibrated throughout the pour to eliminate voids and to enable compaction  of concrete by switching on the vibrating table. The vibrating motion also levelled the concrete. The concrete was left to set on the mould for 24 hours After which concrete was struck and placed in the curing room over 14 days. HARDENED CONCRETE TESTS Concrete Sample Testing: Compressive Strength Tests; were carried out on cube and cylinder samples. Flexural Strength Tests; were carried out in the mini beams. The machines where loaded with concrete sample and load applied was set to zero  before running the test. Base and top plates (spacers) were used to determine to provide platforms for the  concrete specimens and to also help provide even distribution of load. The load was applied by the machine till maximum failure load was reached. This reading was taken and the machine cleaned off concrete debris before running tests  for other samples. *Note the loading Pace Rates varied for different sample shape as shown below: Cylinders loading Pace Rate was set at 5.30 KN/s Cubes loading Pace Rate was set at 6.80 KN/s Mini Beams loading Pace Rate was set at 0.200 KN/s RESULTS 1. FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES TEST RESULTS Compacting Factor Test Results: Mix 1 Observations: The Concrete Mix appeared to be dry and did not pass through when the trap  door of the upper hopper was opened. The concrete mix was helped through the trap door to  the lower hopper by pushing it with a metal rod through the first trap door. The same was  done in order to get it through the second trap door into the container. This showed that it  was a bad mix with bad flowability, mobility and workability properties due to low water  content. Mix 2 Observations: The concrete mix was passed through the hopers with better ease than mix 1,  however only  ¼ of the contents went through, the rest was forced through both trap doors  with a metal rod. Therefore the flow ability and workability properties of this mix were bad,  but better than mix1, owing it to the increased water content in mix 2. Mix 3 Observations: The obtained concrete mix was a wet mix (a bit too wet) with what would  appear to be good flowability properties as all contents went through the hopers and trap  doors with one sweep and much ease. Therefore the flowability and workability properties  were the best observed for all 3 mixes, but too much water content is not good either. The compacting factor test was worked out for all the 3 Concrete Mixes and results are  shown in table 2 below. *The calculations were carried out on Microsoft Excel using the formula shown below. Compacting factor = (Weight of partially compacted concrete)/(Weight of fully  compacted concrete) BS 1881: Part 103 states that concrete is deemed unsuitable if its compacting factor is  below 0.70 or above 0.98. For normal concretes the compacting factor normally lies  between 0.80 and 0.92 (Jackson Dhir 1996). Apparent workability shown below was determined by using Compacting factor table in There was no slump as  the mix was too dry  therefore indicating  poor mobility,  flowability and  workability Collapsed slump was  obtained and the slump  exceeded the allowable  tolerance stated in BS  5328. The slump cone  was 300mm high and  the concrete mix  slumped by half that  value to 150mm. This  indicates that the mix  was too wet and this  affected its cohesive  properties. Very high *Apparent workability shown above was determined by using Slump Results Table shown  in Appendix 2 (Kew 2009). (K0837225) Page 12 Mix 1 Dry Mix/ Zero Slump Mix 2 Wet mix /13mm True Slump Mix3 Mix too wet/ collapsed slump Figure 7: Shows the Slump Results Obtained for concrete mixes with varying water  cement ratios. (Mix 1 w/c ratio 0.45, Mix 2 w/c ratio 0.55 and Mix 3 w/c ratio 0.65). 2. HARDENEDED CONCRETE PROPERTIES TEST RESULTS Figure 8: Shows the cube specimen being loaded into the compressing machine and on the right,  the classical cube hour glass failure mode on one of the cube specimen. Figure 9: Shows the cylinder specimen being loaded into the compressing machine and on the  right, the failure mode on 3 of the cylinder specimens. Figure 10: Shows a mini beam failing when subjected to Flexural Loads. This is the classical failure  mode of beams. The beam undergoes tensile and flexural strain resulting in bending and snapping of  the beam. Concrete is generally brittle and this makes it weak in tension. Hence the need for  reinforcement of concrete, steel is good in tension so it lends that quality to concrete, resulting in  better stronger structures. The results above are indicative of the effects of w/c ratio on the strength of concrete. At  0.45 w/c ratio the strength was 630.4 (Influence of test conditions. Table above show that specimen shape and size is also  influential on the compressive strength. Therefore measured strength of concrete is also  affected by height diameter ratio. This is to just show that test conditions can also affect the  determination of concrete strength. In BS 1881: Part 116 specifies that 150mm cube test are  only used for quality control purposes. Whereas BS 1881: Part 120 indicates that cylinder  test specimens are used to carry out compressive strength tests for in situ concrete and  precast members. A correction factories usually applied to the cylinder strength to obtain an  equivalent cube strength, it takes into account the specimen height /diameter ratio (i.e.  300mm/150mm = 2.). This explains the high compressive strength results obtained in  cylinder specimens than in cube specimens despite the being made off the same batch of  concrete. It should also be considered that the loading Pace Rates for c ubes (and cylinders  were varied. The trend obtained from the results shown above indicates that increasing w/c ratio increases  flexural strength. Af hydration strengthens the bonding between the cementious material and  the aggregates. However like all other factors, too much of anything is not good. If the mix  has excess water it will result in reduced flexural strength and results in bleeding of concrete  thus a weakened structure with pours in them. Again the normal distribution curve can me  expected with extremes. DISCUSSION One type of test is not enough to indicate the workability of the concrete as a whole. Use of  various tests bring out various properties that determine workability, for example, the  compacting factor can indicate how workable in the concrete will be in terms of how easily  can the concrete be vibrated and compacted. It is also a good indicator of the mobility and  flowability of concrete. It Shows how easily the concrete can be pumped from a concrete  skip into shutters, how easily the concrete will pass through the skip trap door when on  casting real structure on site. On the other hand the slump best indicates how workable the  concrete is in terms of its cohesive nature and segregation of its aggregates. It is important to  carry more than one of these tests to indicate various workability factors. These tests can also  be carried out at various stages between concrete production and casting. The common  construction site test (In situ test) is the slump tes t, it serves as the last point of quality check  prior to casting, and all other workability factors are normally carried out on the concrete  production sites. For example, the compactability factor will be most useful on production as  other mobility enhancing admixtures may be added prior to transporting concrete to site,  hence saving time, money and other complications that may arise from delaying site  programmes. From table 2 the results obtained from all mixes had compacting factors  between 0.70 and 0.98 hence indicating that all the tested concrete mixes would be  acceptable under the BS 1881. This certainly does not mean that all mixes had good  workability properties. Jackson Dhir (1996) state that some of the basic assumptions for  the test are not correct and should not be solely relied upon extensively as they can be  misleading. As concrete mixes can have same compacting factor but may not always require  the same amount of work to reach full c ompaction as compaction cannot be justified in the  true sense. From the results in table 2 it shows that changing the water/cement ratio affected  the compacting factor. Increasing the water cement ratio increased the compacting factor  therefore the workability of the concrete. All these tests have limits, for example placing  more water would have resulted in decreasing compactability factor as increasing the water  content will result in lowered compacting factors. (Compacting liquid materials do not result  in changes between partially compacted weight and fully compacted weight, hence if more  excess water is added the mix will have lower differences between partially compacted  weight and fully compacted weight. Hence giving rise to normal distribution curves for the  compressive tests. This also applies to flexural strength and durability of the concrete. CONCLUSION In conclusion it is clear that too little w/c ratio reduces the strength of concrete just as well as  too much w/c ratio will result in porous concrete. Therefore adequate amounts need to be  used to gain the best results. The best way of getting accurate assumptions on concrete is to  consider various factors. Increasing the water content ratio generally increases the strength  but may also result in shrinkage of the concrete hence altering durability and permeability  factors. Q1: Report all the results fresh properties (slump value and the shape of the slump) and  hardened properties (strength) of the concrete and comment on the results. See Results  Section for Answers. Q2: Why the need to measure the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete? Fresh properties are only of much importance in the stages of the concrete mix. These  help concrete producers spot problems early on the stage before structures are cast thus  potentially saving money, time and preventing unstable structures form being built by  spotting and correcting problems with concrete at an early stage. Also this helps prevent  the need to strike down newly built structures due to instability of concrete mixes used. Fresh properties can help indicate how much work labours will have to do on site and  consequently the energy and money that will be required when casting concrete on site. On the other hand hardened concrete properties are important in determining and the life  span of the concrete in the form of s concrete structure. The hardened properties are  important in observing and maintaining the strength of the structure and its durability. Other hardened factors are permeability and shrinkage of the concrete structures after  being built due to harsh weathers and conditions. The latter factors are of much  importance in structures like dams which require high water retaining properties.   Therefore both properties help in the development and maintenance of a good quality  structures and ensuring long life span. Whilst providing adequate safety to the habitats of  those structures. Q3: Concrete is usually tested at 28-Days for its compression strength. Why at 28-Days? The specimens should be cured under water and for normal concrete they should have  reached maximum strength at 28 Days. Concrete hardening process (Hydration) is  thought to reach its final strength in 28 Days as the reaction slows to a halt and adding  more water or curing concrete past that stage will sure minute or no further significant  changes in concrete strength. Q4: As for reinforced concrete beam, describe the need to place reinforced steel in  concrete beam, the purpose of cover/spacing, the diameter of the steel used and why  concrete beams need to be reinforced? Concrete is good in compression meaning it has high resilience to compressive forces but  is very weak in tension. As noted in the results the beams failed at much lower loads than  both cubes and cylinders, although there are other factors that play a role here that is the  general observation. Hence concrete reinforcement is required, it has good tensile  resilience and when concrete and steel are combined they result in components strong in  both tensile and compressive properties. The purpose of concrete cover is to protect steel  from corrosion, due to air reacting with steel and prevent rust formation due to water. Corrosion and rust results in weakened concrete structure as may result in loss of  resilience to tensile forces. So the concrete cove4r provides protection and a neutral  environment for steel. Concrete cover usually ranges around 500mm from the steel bars. Excess cover is not good as it makes the structure more susceptible to chipping and hence  weakens the cover itself and increases chances of steel corrosion taking place. The  diameter of steel used can vary according to the purpose of the structure but over  reinforcement can also bring about imbalances to the structural stability and may result in  a weakened structure. The normal diameter used ranges between 10-30mm, this makes it  easier to bend and alter on site as well as provide ease of manual handling for steel fixers.

Jane’s Path to Prosperity Essay -- Novels Literature Books Religion Pa

Jane’s Path to Prosperity In The beginning of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte introduces Jane as an orphan girl who is residing at Gateshead with Mrs. Reed and her children. Bronte walks us through the episodes of Jane’s life as she moves to Lowood, Thronfield, Moor House, and finally to Ferndean. Throughout these stages, Bronte will show how charity was depicted through the interactions that Jane had. Through these perspectives we will see that the results of how charity was regarded, based on the nineteenth century concepts and views that Bronte discusses, point out the significance of charity in Jane Eyre. Charlotte’s focus on charity in her novel revolves not only around giving money to orphans, but giving love and care to those in need. An example of this would be Graham Gordon’s view that, "Charity is an active concern to help others in their poverty and weakness†¦. This includes not merely alms-giving, or even the giving of emotional support, but sympathetic understanding as well"(159). What is being said is clearly that charity doesn’t only have to do with money, but the thought of acknowledging peoples’ situations in the world with respect. Charlotte’s attitude toward performing good deeds is quite optimistic in her belief that kindness will lead to happiness. In a letter to her friend Ellen Nussey, Charlotte writes, "The right path is that which necessitates the greatest sacrifice of self interest, which implies the greatest good to others; and this path, steadily followed, will lead, I believe, in time to prosperity and to happiness" (qtd . in Winnifrith 51). This piece of information correlates to the Christian belief that this type of action is "the true way to the end" (Graham 10). This clearly states Charlotte’s vi... ...ng Jane to be the ultimate example of what a charitable person is like. We can see clearly how charity was depicted in the nineteenth century and that there were good people who acknowledged the need of others even though they themselves were deprived. The final image that we get of charity in Bronte’s novel through Jane is that no matter what type of people we may encounter in our lives, we can still be capable of reaching prosperity and happiness through our good deeds. Works Cited Bentley, Phyllis. The Brontes and their world. New York: Viking P, 1969. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1996. Graham, Gordon. The Idea of Christian Charity. Notre Dame, In: U of Notre Dame P, 1969. Hinkley, Laura L. Charlotte and Emily. New York: Hasting, 1945. Winnifrith, Tom. The Brontes and Their Background. New York: Barnes, 1973.

The Stupidest Angel Chapter 5

Chapter 5 THE SEASON FOR MAKING NEW FRIENDS Theo was doing fifty up Worchester Street when the blond man stepped from behind a tree into the street. The Volvo had just lurched over a patched strip in the asphalt, so the grille was pointed up and caught the blond man about hip-high, tossing him into the air ahead of the car. Theo stood on the brake, but even as the antilocks throbbed, the blond man hit the tarmac and the Volvo rolled over him, making sickening crunching and thumping noises as body parts ricocheted into wheel wells. Theo checked the rearview as the car stopped and saw the blond man flopping to a stop in the red wash of the brake lights. Theo pulled the radio off his belt as he leaped from the car, and stood ready to call for help when the figure lying in the road started to get up. Theo let the radio fall to his side. â€Å"Hey, buddy, just stay right there. Just stay calm. Help is on the way.† He started loping toward the injured man, then pulled up. The blond guy was on his hands and knees now; Theo could also see that his head was twisted the wrong way and the long blond hair was cascading back to the ground. There was a crackling noise as the guy's head turned around to face the ground. He stood up. He was wearing a long black coat with a rain flap. This was â€Å"the suspect.† Theo started backing away. â€Å"You just stay right there. Help is on the way.† Even as he said it, Theo didn't think this guy was interested in any help. The foot that faced backward came around to the front with another series of sickening crackles. The blond man looked up at Theo for the first time. â€Å"Ouch,† he said. â€Å"I'm guessing that smarted,† Theo said. At least his eyes weren't glowing red or anything. Theo backed into the open door of the Volvo. â€Å"You might want to lie down and wait for the ambulance.† For the second time in as many hours, he wished he had remembered to bring his gun along. The blond man held an arm out toward Theo, then noticed that the thumb on the outstretched hand was on the wrong side. He grabbed it with his other hand and snapped it back into place. â€Å"I'll be okay,† the blond man said, monotone. â€Å"You know, if that coat dry-cleans itself while I'm watching, I'll nominate you for governor my own self,† Theo said, trying to buy time while he thought of what he was going to say to the dispatcher when he keyed the button on the radio. The blond man was now coming steadily toward him – the first few steps limping badly, but the limp getting better as he got closer. â€Å"Stop right there,† Theo said. â€Å"You are under arrest for a two-oh-seven-A.† â€Å"What's that?† asked the blond man, now only a few feet from the Volvo. Theo was relatively sure now that a 207A was not a possum with a handgun, but he wasn't sure what it was, so he said, â€Å"Freakin' out a little kid in his own home. Now stop right there or I will blow your fucking brains out.† Theo pointed the radio, antenna first, at the blond guy. And the blond guy stopped, only steps away. Theo could see the deep gouges cut in the man's cheeks from contact with the road. There was no blood. â€Å"You're taller than I am,† said the blond man. Theo guessed the blond man to be about six-two, maybe three. â€Å"Hands on the roof of the car,† he said, training the antenna of the radio between the impossibly blue eyes. â€Å"I don't like that,† said the blond man. Theo crouched quickly, making himself appear shorter than the blond man by a couple of inches. â€Å"Thanks.† â€Å"Hands on the car.† â€Å"Where's the church?† â€Å"I'm not kidding, put your hands on the roof of the car and spread 'em.† Theo's voice broke like he was hitting second puberty. â€Å"No.† The blond man snatched the radio out of Theo's hand and crushed it into shards. â€Å"Where's the church? I need to get to the church.† Theo dove into the car, scooted across the seat, and came out on the other side. When he looked back over the roof of the car the blond man was just standing there, looking at him like a parakeet might look at himself in the mirror. â€Å"What!?† Theo screamed. â€Å"The church?† â€Å"Up the street you'll come to some woods. Go through them about a hundred yards.† â€Å"Thank you,† said the blond man. He walked off. Theo jumped back into the Volvo, threw it into drive. If he had to run over the guy again, so be it. But when he looked up from the dash, no one was there. It suddenly occurred to him that Molly might still be at the old chapel. Her house smelled of eucalyptus and sandalwood and had a woodstove with a glass window that warmed the room with orange light. The bat was locked outside for the night. â€Å"You're a cop?† Lena said, moving away from Tucker Case on the couch. She'd gotten past the bat. He'd explained the bat, sort of. He'd been married to a woman from a Pacific island and had gotten the bat in a custody battle. Things like that happened. She'd gotten the house they were sitting in, in her divorce from Dale, and it still had a black marble Jacuzzi tub with bronze Greek erotic figures inset in a border around the edge. The jetsam of divorce can be embarrassing, so you couldn't fault someone a bathtub or fruit bat rescued out of love's shipwreck, but he might have mentioned he was a cop before he suggested burying her ex and going to dinner. â€Å"No, no, not a real cop. I'm here working for the DEA.† Tuck moved closer to her on the couch. â€Å"So you're a drug cop?† He didn't look like a cop. A golf pro, maybe, that blond hair and the lines around the eyes from too much sun, but not a cop. A TV cop, maybe – the vain, bad cop, who has something going on with the female district attorney. â€Å"No, I'm a pilot. They subcontract independent helicopter pilots to fly agents into pot-growing areas like Big Sur so they can spot patches hidden in the forest with infrared. I'm just working for them here for a couple of months.† â€Å"And after a couple of months?† Lena couldn't believe she was worried about commitment from this guy. â€Å"I'll try to get another job.† â€Å"So you'll go away.† â€Å"Not necessarily. I could stay.† Lena moved back toward him on the couch and examined his face for the hint of a smirk. The problem was, since she'd met him, he'd always worn the hint of a smirk. It was his best feature. â€Å"Why would you stay?† she said. â€Å"You don't even know me.† â€Å"Well, it might not be about you.† He smiled. She smiled back. It was about her. â€Å"It is about me.† â€Å"Yeah.† He was leaning over and there was going to be a kiss and that would be okay, she thought, if the night hadn't been so horrible. It would be okay if they hadn't shared so much history in so short a time. It would be okay if, if†¦ He kissed her. Okay, she was wrong. It was okay. She put her arms around him and kissed him back. Ten minutes later she was down to just her sweater and panties, she had driven Tucker Case deeply enough into the corner of the couch that his ears were baffled with cushions, and he couldn't hear her when she pushed back from him and said, â€Å"This doesn't mean that we're going to bed together.† â€Å"Me, too,† said Tuck, pulling her closer. She pushed back again. â€Å"You can't just assume that this is going to happen.† â€Å"I think I have one in my wallet,† he said, trying to lift her sweater over her head. â€Å"I don't do this sort of thing,† she said, wrestling with his belt buckle. â€Å"I had a test for my pilot physical a month ago,† he said as he liberated her breasts from their combed cotton yoke of oppression. â€Å"Clean as a whistle.† â€Å"You're not listening to me!† â€Å"You look beautiful in this light.† â€Å"Does doing this so soon after, you know – does doing this make me evil?† â€Å"Sure, you can call it a weasel if you want to.† And so, with that tender honesty, that frank connection, the coconspirators chased away each other's loneliness, the smell of grave-digging sweat rising romantic in the room as they fell in love. A little. Despite Theo's concern, Molly wasn't at the old chapel, she was getting a visit from an old friend. Not a friend, exactly, but a voice from the past. â€Å"Well, that was just nuts,† he said. â€Å"You can't feel good about that.† â€Å"Shut up,† said Molly, â€Å"I'm trying to drive.† According to the DSM-IV, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, you had to have at least two of a number of symptoms in order to be considered as having a psychotic episode, or, as Molly liked to think of it, an  «artistic » moment. But there was an exception, a single symptom that could put you in the batshit column, and that was â€Å"a voice or voices commenting on the activities of daily life.† Molly called it â€Å"the Narrator,† and she hadn't heard from him in over five years – not since she'd gone and stayed on her medication as she had promised Theo. That had been the agreement, if she stayed on her meds, Theo would stay off of his – well, more specifically, Theo would not have anything to do with his drug of choice, marijuana. He'd had quite a habit, going back twenty years before they'd met. Molly had stuck to the agreement with Theo; she'd even gotten decertified by the state and gone off financial aid. A resurgence in royalties from her old movies had helped with the expenses, but lately she'd started falling short. â€Å"It's called an enabler,† said the Narrator. â€Å"The Drug Fiend and the Warrior Babe Enabler, that's you two.† â€Å"Shut up, he's not a drug fiend,† she said, â€Å"and I'm not the Warrior Babe.† â€Å"You did him right there in the graveyard,† said the Narrator. â€Å"That is not the behavior of a sane woman, that is the behavior of Kendra, Warrior Babe of the Outland.† Molly cringed at the mention of her signature character. On occasion, the Warrior Babe persona had leaked off the big screen and into her own reality. â€Å"I was trying to keep him from noticing that I might not be a hundred percent.† â€Å"‘Might not be a hundred percent'? You were driving a Christmas tree the size of a Winnebago down the street. You ‘re way off a hundred percent, darlin'. â€Å" â€Å"What do you know? I'm fine.† â€Å"You're talking to me, aren't you?† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I think I've made my point.† She'd forgotten how smug he could be. Okay, maybe she was having a few more artistic moments than usual, but she hadn't had a break with reality. And it was for a good cause. She'd taken the money she'd saved on her meds to pay for a Christmas present for Theo. It was on layaway down at the glass blower's gallery: a handblown dichromatic glass bong in the Tiffany style. Six hundred bucks, but Theo would so love it. He'd destroyed his collection of bongs and water pipes right after they'd met, a symbol of his break with his pot habit, but she knew he missed it. â€Å"Yeah,† said the Narrator. â€Å"He'll need that bong when he finds out he's coming home to the Warrior Babe.† â€Å"Shut up. Theo and I just had an adventurous romantic moment. I am not having a break.† She pulled into Brine's Bait, Tackle, and Fine Wines to pick up a six-pack of the dark bitter beer Theo liked and some milk for the morning. The little store was a miracle of eclectic supply, one of the few places on the planet where you could buy a fine Sonoma Merlot, a wedge of ripened French Brie, a can of 10W-30, and a carton of night crawlers. Robert and Jenny Masterson had owned the little shop since before Molly had come to town. She could see Robert by himself behind the counter, tall with salt-and-pepper hair, looking a little hangdog as he read a science magazine and sipped a diet Pepsi. Molly liked Robert. He'd always been kind to her, even when she was considered the village's resident crazy lady. â€Å"Hey, Robert,† she said as she came through the door. The place smelled of egg rolls. They sold them out of the back, where they had a pressure fryer. She breezed past the counter toward the beer cooler. â€Å"Hey, Molly.† Robert looked up, a little startled. â€Å"Uh, Molly, you okay?† Crap, she thought. Had she forgotten to brush the pine needles out of her hair? She probably looked a mess. She said, â€Å"Yeah, I'm fine. Theo and I were just putting up the Christmas tree at the Santa Rosa Chapel. You and Jenny are coming to Lonesome Christmas, aren't you?† â€Å"Of course,† Robert said, his voice still a little strained. He seemed to be making an effort not to look at her. â€Å"Uh, Molly, we kind of have a policy here.† He tapped the sign by the counter, NO SHIRT, NO SHOES, NO SERVICE. Molly looked down. â€Å"Oh my gosh, I forgot.† â€Å"It's okay.† â€Å"I left my sneakers in the car. I'll just run out and put them on.† â€Å"That would be great, Molly. Thanks.† â€Å"No problem.† â€Å"I know it's not on the sign, Molly, but while you're out there, you might want to put some pants on, too. It's sort of implied.† â€Å"Sure thing,† she said, breezing by the counter and out the door, feeling now that, yes, it seemed a little cooler out than when she'd left the house. And yes, there were her jeans and panties on the passenger seat next to her sneakers. â€Å"I told you,† said the Narrator.

Rebellion or Reason in Amy Tan’s: Two Kinds

Rebellion or Reason in Amy Tan's: Two Kinds In the short story â€Å"Two Kinds†, written by Amy Tan, the character Jing-Mei appears to be rebelling. But, what is she rebelling against? I feel she is rebelling against her mother’s competitive relationship with her Auntie Lindo and her daughter, Waverly. She is struggling to establish her identity by purposely not measuring up to her mother’s standards. This in turn, allows her to enforce her boundaries.Jing-Mei’s mother wanted the best for her; she had very high hopes for her. Jing-Mei’s mother wanted the â€Å"perfect child†. She may have wanted this â€Å"prodigy child,† due to sibling rivalry. As the story begins, the stench of ongoing competition is made apparent when Jing-Mei’s mother snorts, â€Å"What does Auntie Lindo Know† (2)? There is an unspoken, but well known big sister little sister, love-hate relationship; which ironically, is very similar to the struggles that mothers and daughters experience.Younger children may look up to their older siblings and try to emulate them. And this is important since older children tend to influence the actions and behavior of younger siblings. Sibling rivalry or childhood conflict teaches us how to relate to others. If we're struggling with adult sibling rivalry, our experiences can change how we communicate with our partner or our children. Laurie Pawlik-Kienlen,’ Adult Sibling Rivalry – How It Starts- Fighting With Your Grown Brothers and Sisters†, Time Magazine, July 10, 2006.This transgenerational feud was at the core of Jing-Meis’ mother’s incessant desire for her to force Jing-Mei to become who she wanted her to be. Causing Jing-Mei to rebel and to also plead with her mother to see her and accept her for who she was. She gained strength each time she rebelled. â€Å"I failed her so many times, each time asserting my own will, my right to fall short of expectation s†(79). She made the choice to be herself; and enabled herself to move beyond being a â€Å"Pleading Child† and into a woman â€Å"Perfectly Content†.

Is knowledge justified true belief Essay Example

Is knowledge justified true belief Essay Example Is knowledge justified true belief Paper Is knowledge justified true belief Paper Epistemology is amongst the most important and most debated areas of Philosophy; Defining knowledge itself has proved to be one of the most pressing problems. Knowledge has often been described as justified true belief; This tradition can be observed to have been applied as far back as the times of Plato, and claims that there are three criteria that must be satisfied in order for an individual to possess knowledge. This is known as the tripartite theory of knowledge. Following the requirements of this theory, if we believe something, have justification for such a belief, and it is true, then our belief is knowledge. 1 The allegory of a ladder aptly describes the logic behind the tripartite theory of knowledge; the bottom of the ladder representing ignorance, and the top, knowledge. A belief must overcome each rung of the ladder, thus bringing it closer to knowledge. The first step is an unjustified belief. At the next step, the belief becomes justified, but may still prove to be true or false and therefore cannot constitute knowledge. The next step is an unjustified true belief; hereby truth has been found but there is no reasoning behind it. The last stage, when accomplished, establishes a justified true belief. The believer knows their belief to be true and has justification for this; hence the believer has achieved knowledge. 2This seems logical and straightforward, but it is debatable as to whether this can really be praised with describing the full extent of what knowledge is. Gettier most notably expanded upon why this theory is slightly dubious by pointing out that a justified true belief may not actually be what we would commonly refer to as knowledge by pointing out a number of examples of justified true beliefs that were not knowledge. 3 Thus, it would seem, the tripartite theory, fails. However, by expanding upon the notions of truth and justification it might be possible for find some way of agreeing with the tripartite theory post Gettier. On the basis of the tripartite theory, to be considered true knowledge, a belief must be justifiable4. If we take the meaning of a justifiable belief to be one we are within our rights of holding5 we must question our justification for such a conclusion. Therefore, it must surely call the benefits of defining a belief as justifiable into question, that is to say, it leads us to consider whether justifiable is really a term worthy of a rung on the allegorical ladder to true knowledge. It also means that, in fact, any justifications we might propose in search of certain knowledge, have to justify the means of their justification; therefore leading to a seemingly infinite regression. To avoid this, one might suggest that there must be some form of basis that we may rely on without questioning; This basis of beginning with a priori principles which we must believe to be true prior to experience is the stance taken by rationalists. However, many Empiricists have questioned whether such a priori principles can actually exist. Since our experience is so limited, it seems valid to suggest that, in fact, we can only ever say what has been the case as far as we and others may account for. For the Empiricists, our knowledge is based on reasoning, through a process of deduction7. Therefore, we gain knowledge from what we might call a common denominator perceived from a range of experiences. Hereby, for the likes of Aristotle, true knowledge is what we gain from our reasoning on the basis of our experiences in the world. However, this idea of basing knowledge, although partially, on perception, also seems to call many things into question. Surely, therefore, it seems safer to suggest that knowledge could merely be what one subjectively believes to be true even if such a proposition would deem the idea of knowledge as less worthy. Perception and observation can be understood as conveying information about what is inputted to our senses. The result of these processes, or output, is considered to be a belief; such a belief may constitute knowledge. However, it would seem that much of our knowledge does come to us through our senses, adding to the suggestion of it subjective nature. Although the way that we perceive the world may be, in part, determined by the world, it is also heavily determined by us. We are not able to receive information about the world passively, and arguably contribute much to our own experiences. Thus implying an unreliable basis for knowledge and leading to questioning of whether true knowledge can actually exist at all. The notion that knowledge or certainty can never be absolute has been entertained by philosophers for years; in particular, certainty of anything that is based wholly on sense experience8. Throughout the history of philosophy there have been numerous arguments portraying the unreliability of sense experience that are often hard to refute; one of the most memorable being that anything we gather from what we experience through our senses can never be deemed reliable as to what is actually beyond such appearances. Sensory skeptics have highlighted this fact that that any knowledge gained from perceptions is biased by how things appear solely to us and that we cannot know what causes those appearances. Thus, any explanation of knowledge that involves experience, or sense knowledge, is called into question. Throughout the history of philosophy, sensory skeptics have argued that we perceive only things as they appear to us and cannot know what, if anything, causes those appearances. Thus, if there is sense knowledge involved in a theory of knowledge from that stance of the skeptic, it will always be personal, direct and inconsistent as any conclusions we make from this very personal input are, therefore, subject to error as we have no way of knowing whether our inferences from our perceptions of the world are actually correct. This case could lead us towards Platos argument of true knowledge that states that it is to be found outside the realms of the physical world. However, in turn, surely we must question the worthiness of something outside our own experience as it can never be experienced and therefore has questionable value. It would seem a logical conclusion that all we can ever claim to know must be on the basis of our own experience. Thus we begin this deductive process of acquiring knowledge at birth where the mind is, what John Locke referred to as a Tabula Rasa,9 Therefore, knowledge could be more simply defined at the output of our reasoning on the basis of our experiences. In conclusion, knowledge, even if we are to question its certainty or its basis of what has been called assumption, is information that is both true and justified in as far as it is possible to draw any conclusions on the matter. In response to Gettier, if we have a belief that is true and we can find justification for it, even if the justification is false, we still, arguably come to the same truthful conclusion. We might add to the tripartite theory that true knowledge also requires that the justifications made to also be true, that is to say, there must be no errors is the reasoning of the individual. Although when subject to the challenges of skepticism as to the concept of knowledge itself, as far as we can understand, the tripartite theory does produce as adequate account of what knowledge is and logical way or establishing it. Therefore, knowledge is justifiable true belief that has been based on experienced and justified by human reasoning. Any definition of knowledge without these qualifying factors is beyond the realms of our experience and, therefore, arguably beyond our understanding and therefore of little value.

Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility Introduction Organizations are established with an ultimate objective of providing goods and Services to people. These organizations can operate locally or internationally. Those that operate in other countries in addition to their country of origin are termed as multinational corporations. There are those organizations that are solely after making profit while others are non profit organizations.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whether the organizations are after making profit or not, they should operate in a manner that will not compromise with quality expectations of the clients. This is especially true given that organizations operate in an environment that is dynamic. The environment in which the organizations operate include political, social and economical environment. Such environments call for the organizations to observe ethics and corpor ate social responsibility as a strategy for them to survive. This is due to the fact that corporations require good will from the communities in which they operate and they are governed by laws of the land. Therefore this essay is going to focus on how ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) should be an integrated part of an organization’s strategy. This shall be discussed in relation to theories and using real life examples to support the arguments in the essay. Ethics as an integral part of strategy Ethics, as an integral part of an organization, is a strategy that can be approached from various theoretical perspectives. Therefore, an ethical organization should be built on the following three fundamental pillars: workers that observe ethics in the cause of their duties, leadership that is keen on ethics as it pertains to the workers and clients and the organizational structures and systems that are ethically sound. Without these ethical pillars the organization w ill encounter challenges in the environment it operates (Jackson 2004). The organization cannot operate in a vacuum. This is because the management leaders of the organization must make decisions that are legal and customer friendly. To achieve this different ethical approaches or theories are to be taken into considerations. They include moral rights approach, justice approach, utilitarian approach and individualism theory (George 1999).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To begin with, moral rights approach as an integral ethical strategy of an organization asserts that human beings have certain rights and freedoms that cannot be infringed by the decision made by individuals. For the decision to be considered ethical, it has to ensure that individual rights and liberties are not taken away from them. The decision made by the leadership of the organization regar ding its workers should be consistent with the following rights, â€Å"right of safety, moral right of free consent, the right of due process, the moral right of life and the moral right of freedom of speech (Behrman 1988). An example that shows how companies violate human rights can be seen by how the Wal-Mart was found to violate its U.S workers rights in 2007 by preventing them from forming trade unions and instilling fear into them. The leadership of the organization should ensure that its workers or any other stakeholders to the organization such as suppliers, creditors and the clients should have a free consent in decision matters that affect them. Free consent as a moral right encourages the leaders to allow the people to make decision that are knowingly and freely (Fisher Lovell 2003). On the other hand the leadership of the organization consider legal due process in their decision making process. This moral right calls for fair and sound hearing for an individual. The man ager in the organization should allow the workers to seek a due legal process whenever they feel that their rights have been denied (European Commission 2002). Like wise if the organization carries out the activities that pollute the environment the people can sue the organization for its harmful activities to the people and the environment. The fear of being sued for such violations leads to most organizations to do what is required of them (DFID 2003). For instance, the Los Angeles Car Wash Company was sued by its workers for underpaying them. The workers were kept on duty outside the working hours without being paid their overtime dues. The workers were paid up their dues and were not dismissed from duty due to strong laws that protect them.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Next for decision to be considered morally correct the decision of the l eaders in organization should consider the right to life and safety of its workers. The managers in the organization cannot expose their workers to the activities that threaten their life and safety. The companies that manufacture products for public consumption like the motor companies must be liable for the safety of the products to the consumers. It shall be good ethics for such products to undergo vigorous tests before being sold to the public for safety reasons. The companies can give warnings to customers if the products may jeopardize their safety. For example the General Motors Company recently recalled more than 300,000 SUVs and trucks to correct turn signal problems even though there were no injuries that had been reported from the clients. The recalling was well intended to correct a mistake that had been noticed and was vital in order to forestall any legal suits that might have followed (Dellaportes, Gibson, Alagai 2005). In addition to that, the executives of the organ ization need to protect the privacy of their workers. The managers need avoid sexual harassment against their workers. The company needs to uphold to its free consent all the time. The company should give the right information to its stake holders regarding its operation. Giving fraudulent information is unethical and may cost a lot to the company in terms of legal cost. For instance, one particular company gave a prospectus bearing false information about the unbounded wealth of Nevada. A particular share broker who took such information in good faith wanted to disregard the contract agreement after realizing that the information provided was not true. Thus it is important that companies give correct information to such situations (Hartman 2004). Lastly the people working within the organization and other stake holders to the organization have the right to freedom of speech and information.The companies should make an effort of informing its consumers on the products offered throug h education.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The companies should provide truthful information to the customers and should be truthful in their dealings (Crane Matten 2007). For Example, in 2003 the U.S food and drug administration (FDA) destroyed up to 90,000 units of Royal Tongan Limu Dietary supplements that were being false claimed to treat several diseases (Hartman 2004). The company should make decision that allows the stake holders to the organization to express themselves. This should allow the voice of the workers to be heard in matters that affects them. The top leadership should not undermine the views of those under them. If the leader goes to the extent of embracing totalitarian kind of leadership in the organization there would be conflicts in organization which may lead to the eventual collapse of the organization. This is due to the fact that there will be a disconnection between the top management and the workers (Castka, Bamber, Bamber Sharp 2004). The second theoretical approach in the ethical strategy of an organization is the utilitarian approach. This theory upholds that when the managers make the decision, it should be morally good and its consequences should benefit a large number. Therefore this approach calls for a greater measure of benefits and harm or cost in terms of what is valued most by the decision makers in the organization. For example if a company finds that using low, there were street protests in Ireland in response to increased number of companies using cheap labor provided by immigrants. Another ethical approach as a strategy of an organization is that of individualism. This approach highlights that an individual’s interest to the organization should prevail for a long time. The managers should allow the stake holders of the company to make free choice as long as their interests do not conflict with those of the company. For Example the Caribbean Money Market Brokers (CMMB) collapsed suddenly in February 2009, nothing was said about the imminent collapse and most of the stake holders were left in shock (Chrysside Kaler 1996). The justice approach as an ethical strategy by the organization is very important. This theory stipulates that moral decisions affecting the people in the company should be fair, equal and very impartial (Albertson 2007). For example it will be unfair for the unskilled laborer in the company to earn a higher salary than their skilled counterparts. This kind of scenario is common in firms that employ relatives who often are not up to the task but they end up being paid more. The management of organizations should ensure that they pay workers depending on their output and level of skill. On the other hand it will be unfair by the remuneration team in the organization to deny the workers compensation after they had been injured while on the job. This can exist where the legal process for such compensation is delayed by the management team who may not be willing to compensate their workers. That is not ethical in the life of the organization (Chrysside Kaler 1996). The rules and regulations of the organizations should be applied uniformly by the workers of the company. There should be no rules that discriminates the workers on the grounds regarding their health condition, race and gender. For Example, the Ghanaian government has formulated tough penalties to deal with Companies that are discriminating their workers on health Grounds. (Jackson 2004). CSR as a strategy in organizations The corporate social responsibility as a strategy in the organization has been favored for a very long time as far as business is concerned. Competition from other organizations sends a company into looking for ways that can really put it above others. Corporate social responsibility seems to be the best avenue through which an organization can make itself appealing to its clients. Organizations which get deeply involved in communal activities usually develop some bonding with the members of the society in whic h it operates. In the end it is always true that a company that will identify itself with the people will rip more from them. (Crane Matten 2007). How did this corporate social responsibility come about? It was partly brought about by the reshaping of the old-age traditional method of relationships in authority by ushering in new modern technology in creating of the wealth (Davis 2006). Thus the organization had to give back to the society in which it operates in which enables the organization to make large profit. Therefore the organization gives its workers services such as free health services, promotion of education that were meant to appreciate the efforts of the workers to the organization. An organization that treats workers well will be better placed to maintain a skilled workforce and thus maintaining an overall good performance (Blowfield Murray 2008). Furthermore since the business or the organization acts as the moral agent of the society their social responsibility is to ensure that their social behavior does not compromise with the moral values of the society. Thus the decision making organ within the organization should ensure that they go beyond individual self interests to make decisions that will put the larger society in danger (Balabanis, Phillips Lyall 1998). The corporate social responsibility of the organization is well supported by the stake holder theory. This theory encourages the management team of the company to safeguard the interests of the legal fraternity subsystem, clients, creditors, and suppliers who are the stakeholders to the firm (Knight 1980). The company has the corporate social responsibility of abiding to the government laws and regulations so as to avoid harming social good such as the citizens and the environment. However such government regulations interfere in the operation of the company. For example, its failure to clean Hudson River led to legal suit against General Electric Company. This was as a result of f ailure to abide by the regulations. The company kept on arguing through legal structures for a long time while the river remained unclean (Blowfield Murray 2008) Another important theory that explains the role of corporate social responsibility of the organization is that of social demandingness. The theory stipulates that the managers of the organization should safeguard the interests of the stake holders in the society. The executives of the corporations have to ensure that the social issues such as health care, safety and the prosperity is highly taken into consideration without disrupting the social harmony. A good example is Magellan Metal Company in West Australian that had to bear responsibility for the death of birds within the environs as a result of lead deposits. The company showed a good example by closing down for a while to clean up. This was welcomed by the locals who were impressed by the move as a step in the right direction. (Balabanis, Phillips Lyall 1998). The corporate social responsibility embraces the legitimacy theory which states that organizations need to carry out activities that are proper. This indicates that the organization should not engage in the activities that are against the norms and values of the society (George 1999). This theory calls upon the organization to carry out the activities that respect the moral values of the society in the society in which it operates. The company has to engage in the activities that should not impact negatively on the environment. The operations need be generally accepted. For example, the toy making company had to adopt the risk management and quality control after it realized that its products contained lead poison. The millions toys were recalled by the company world wide. Such response was legitimate for the company and it saved the general public (Grace and Cohen 2006). Conclusion In conclusion it is imperative to note that an organization cannot operate in a vacuum. It operates in th e society that is dynamic. For it to succeed, it has to lay down an appropriate strategy that is ethical and which incorporates corporate social responsibility. The organization that respects the moral rights of the people in the society shall be legitimate in its operations in the society. Likewise, the organization which has a good corporate social responsibility will not fail to safeguard the interests of its stake holders. On that note, its public image shall be well defined by the people in the society in all spheres. Thus all companies that want to venture into any society around the globe should be aware of the social requirements of the given society. They should also be willing to put up structures that will ensure that their operations do not compromise the environment. If all this are observed then the companies will exist harmoniously with the society and will also prevent legal hurdles that are associated with breaking the rules. References Albertson, T., 2007. The Gods of Business: The intersection of Faith and the Market Place. LA: Trinity Alumni Press. Balabanis, G., Phillips, C. and Lyall. J., 1998. Corporate Social Responsibility and Economic Performance in the Top British Companies: Are They Linked? European Business Review, 98 (1), pp. 25-44. Behrman, J.N., 1988. Essays on Ethics in Business and the Professions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Blowfield, M. Murray, A., 2008.Corporate Responsibility: A Critical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press Castka, P., Bamber, C.J., Bamber D.J. and Sharp, J.M., 2004. Integrating Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) into ISO Management Systems- in Search of a Feasible CSR Management System Framework. The TQM Magazine,1 (3), pp. 216-224. Chrysside, G. Kaler, J., 1996. Essentials of Business Ethics. London: McGraw-Hill Crane, A. Matten, D., 2007. Business Ethics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press Davis, A., 2006. A Strategic Approach to Corporate Governance. New York: Gower Dellap ortes, S., Gibson, K., Alagai., 2005. Ethics, Governance and Accountability. Melbourne: Wiley DFID. 2003. â€Å"DFID and Corporate Social Responsibility’. September. London: DFID. European Commission., 2002. Corporate Social Responsibility: A Business Contribution to Sustainable Development. COM, July 2. 2002 (347) Official Publications of the European Commission: Brussels. Fisher, C. Lovell, A., 2003. Business Ethics and Values. London: FT Prentice Hall George, R. T., 1999. Business Ethics. London: Prentice Hall Hartman, L., 2004. Perspectives in Business Ethics. Burr Ridge: McGraw Hill. Jackson, K., 2004. Building Reputational Capital. New York: Oxford University Press. Knight F., 1980. The Ethics of Competition and other Essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Attitude of Young People of India Towards Luxury Brands Essay Example for Free

Attitude of Young People of India Towards Luxury Brands Essay Brand (555) , Gucci (27) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Introduction: A couple of generations ago, a typical purchase decision for the average Indian would be choosing between, say, clothes and electronic goods whenever they had a little cash to spare. Today, the customers’ dilemma involves making up their mind between Prada and Gucci, Merc and Lamborghini. Marie Antoinette would say, â€Å"If they can’t have bread, give them brands instead! † In a relatively short time span of 20 years, India has moved from pavement markets to swanky malls, from frugal minded consumer to who want it all and from a population largely obessed with celebrity gossip to one which yearns to gain knowledge. India is taking wing. It is not simple because India is set to become the fastest growing major economy in the world. The combination of a large young working population, rising income levels, overwhelming consumer optimism and increasingly urbanized lifestyle is driving consumption growth in India. The market potential of world’s second largest population has not gone unnoticed. International Luxury brands have India on the radar. As developed market continue to battle economic turmoil. India offers luxury brand owners unrivalled growth opportunities. The Indian luxury market is projected to reach USD 14. 72 billion in 2015(CII and A. T. Kearny, 2011). It may represents only 1-2 percent of the global luxury market, but its market growth rate of more than 20 percent per annum, promise positive returns for luxury players. A flow of international brands from Giorgio Armani to Ferrari to Sofitel Hotel have entered the Indian market to claim a share of the luxury rupee. Many others are waiting, watching and preparing. This is not just about today’s market but a key strategic market of the future. Problem Definition: * Young consumer attitudes are essential for the marketers to plan their strategy in reaching the target consumers. So in our study we have focused to segment young consumers according to attitude variables. Objectives: * The aim of the study is to segment young consumers based on their three important beliefs parameters (confidence, trust, optimism) as we know beliefs is an important attitudes of consumer Literature review: 1. THE ROLE OF CONFIDENCE IN UNDERSTANDING AND PREDICTING BUYERS’ ATTITUDES AND PURCHASE INTENTIONS * Peter D. Bennett and Gilbert D. Harrell * Journal of Consumer Research * Vol. 2, No. 2 (Sep. , 1975), pp. 110-117 * Published by: The University of Chicago Press * Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2488752 This research examines the role of buyers confidence in the formation of attitudes and purchase intention. It supports current buyer behavior theory which postulates a positive relationship between overall confidence in a brand and intention to purchase the brand. It also examine buyers confidence in their own ability to judge attributes of brands. 2. NEED FOR UNIQUENESS AND CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR FOR LUXURY BRANDS AMONGST INDIAN YOUTH * Authors: Meenakshi Handa, Arpita Khare * JournalInternational Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management * Publisher : Inderscience Publishers * ISSN:1753-0806 (Print),1753-0814 (Online) * IssueVolume 3, Number 5/2010 * Pages489-502 The purpose of this research was to examine the Indian youth’s need for uniqueness (NFU) and their attitudes towards luxury brand as an expression of individuality. A primary research was conducted amongst Indian University students to ascertain their NFU and perception of luxury brands. It was apparent that while the NFU is not very high amongst the Indian youth, luxury brands do symbolize status and individuality to them and serve a value-expressive function. As the Indian social system is witnessing a transition from traditional family driven values to more of western and individual-centric values, NFU and expression of self-identity amongst Indian youth may also become more marked. While marketing global luxury brands in India, advertising may be focused towards conveying a new identity to the consumers yet maintaining a balance with traditional norms and value systems. 3. LUXURY’S NEW DESTINATION – CHANGING PARADIGMS OF THE INDIAN CONSUMERS – AN EMPIRICAL STUDY * DR. BUSHAN D. SUDHAKAR*; ARUN KUMAR. PARISE * International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies * Vol. 2 Issue 1, January 2012, ISSN 2249 8834 * Online available at http://zenithresearch. org. in/ In this study the researcher investigate, Indian consumer migration towards Luxury brands form value middle tier brands. The findings suggest that there is significant difference with the gender difference, social status, price, quality to purchase a luxury good. There is a higher association between the annual household income and Purchase of luxury goods It clearly says that affordability, quality, availability, celebrity, self-satisfaction, image and social status are the key drivers to the migration of consumers to Luxury brands from value middle tier branded goods. It confirms the view that brand perception and purchase value is, apart from socially oriented motives of buying to impress others also affected by financial, functional, and individual aspects. It would seem that the dimensions presented in this paper are appropriate variables for segmenting the market for branded items. 4. ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE CONCEPT OF LUXURY: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS * Bernard Dubois, Groupe H. E. C & Gilles Laurent, Groupe H. E. C. * Asia Pacific Advances in Consumer Research Volume 1, 1994 * Pages 273-278 In this paper is the author did an exploratory analysis of the perceptions and attitudes attached to the word (and underlying concept of) â€Å"luxury†. It is hoped that the results presented below will stimulate further research in the area and eventually contribute to the development of a theory of luxury acquisition and consumption behavior. Research Gap: The literature available on topics such as Need for uniqueness and consumption behavior for luxury brands amongst Indian youth, luxury’s new destination – changing paradigms of the Indian consumers – an empirical study, There is no study on attitude (belief like confidence, trust and optimism) of Young people of India towards Luxury brands, which will help in marketers to plan their strategy in reaching these new and promising target consumers. It is essential for the marketer to understand how consumers think and value a product. There has been a vast increase in the luxury market and attempts are being made to attract the youth through different marketing strategies. This research will identify the different belief parameter which is an important attitude of young people of India which influence them towards luxury brands and provide information for better understanding of young customer. Research Design:. Sample Design: Sample size: is hundred (100). Sample techniques: it is judgmental sampling these samples/ respondents will be selected from both NIFT students and young working professional’s i.e. young people’s working in companies like TCS, Infosys and Wipro. Observational Design: This research based on primary & secondary data. The primary data are collected through structured questionnaire. Primary data generally means those raw data which are handled first handedly and haven’t any previous meaningful interpretation. Secondary data collected from different journals, book and internet on topic of people’s attitudes and luxury brands. Statistical design: we are going to segment young consumers based on their three important beliefs parameters (confidence, trust, optimism) as we know consumer belief is an important factor of consumer attitude. Our proposed segmentation tool is Cluster analysis. We will be using Hierarchical cluster with between groups linkage as the clustering method based on squared Euclidian distance. Ward’s Hierarchical Clustering Method: Ward considered hierarchical clustering procedures basedon minimizing the ‘loss of information’ from joining two groups. This method is usually implemented with loss of information taken to be an increase in an error sum of squares criterion. ESS. First, for a given cluster k, let ESSk be the sum of the squared deviations of very item in the cluster from the cluster mean (centroid). If there are currently K clusters, define ESS as the sum of the ESSk or ESS = ESS1 + ESS2 + †¦ + ESS K At each step in the analysis, the union of every possible pair of clusters is considered, and the two clusters whose combination results in the smallest increase in ESS (minimum loss of information) are joined. Initially, each cluster consists of a single item, and, if there are N items, ESSk = 0, k = 1,2, †¦ , N, so ESS = O. At the other extreme, when all the clusters are combined in a single group of N items, the value of ESS is given by N ESS =j=1nxj-x†(xj-x’) where Xj is the multivariate measurement associated with the jth item and i is the mean of all the items. The results of Ward’s method can be displayed as a dendrogram. The vertical axis gives the values of ESS at which the mergers occur. Ward’s method is based on the notion that the clusters of multivariate observations are expected to be roughly elliptically shaped. It is a hierarchical precursor to nonhierarchical clustering methods that optimize some criterion for dividing data into a given number of elliptical groups. We discuss nonhierarchical clustering procedures in the next section Proposed Questionnaire: 1=strongly agree 2=agree 3=neither agree or disagree 4=disagree 5=completely disagree Please do tick which option you feel most†¦ Statement no 1: 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1. â€Å"I buy luxury products because good quality of product† Statement no 2: 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1. â€Å"Luxury means some extra things which is adding more value than the regular brands have† Statement no 3: 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1. â€Å"I buy luxury products whatever I can afford & whatever I want† Statement no 4: 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1. â€Å"I preferred luxury products what I like, if I like it a lot and feel like it’s worth my money† Statement no 5: 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1. â€Å"I preferred luxury brands because it brings higher aspiration in my life† Statement no 6: 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1. â€Å"I like to have BMW or Ferrari in future†. Attitude of Young People of India Towards Luxury Brands. (2017, Feb 17). ng-people-of-india-towards-luxury-brands-essay We will write a custom sample essay on Attitude of Young People of India Towards Luxury Brands specifically for you We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

How Marketing Is Done On an International Scale Research Paper

How Marketing Is Done On an International Scale - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that culture is the â€Å"collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.† It is a phenomenon that involves the values, ideas, practices, â€Å"artifacts and other meaningful symbols† that enable people to understand each other for easier communication. Culture in itself also encompasses the goals that are shared by a community. It embraces the way of life of a group of people, which may differ from the next group. Some of the factors that contribute to such differences are the behaviors and practices of previous generations, which are in turn passed on to the next generation by way of tradition. All of these factors, embodied by culture, influences how one treats a fellow human being, how one communicates and negotiates, how one processes information and formulates a decision. The values that are inherent in culture help mold an individual in making important decisions such as wo rk and may be the determining factor in helping that individual achieve success. Understanding the culture of a group of people is very important in marketing, especially in such a field as complex as international marketing. This is because everything that a consumer does, even down to the way the consumer thinks, is heavily influenced by his/her culture. This is what makes marketing quite challenging, because cultures vary from one to another, and there are always changes introduced to groups of people that would also modify their culture. Indeed, the culture in the 19th century is different from how it is currently. In the same way, marketing strategies are also bound to change.

Business Management And Leadership - Leading (U4GP) Essay - 1

Business Management And Leadership - Leading (U4GP) - Essay Example ht to ensure that measures were taken which would prevent as far as possible a recurrence of the problem; and they showed themselves to be prepared to bear the short term cost in the name of consumer safety. That more than anything else established a basis for trust with their customers.† Still, more could have been done to prevent the issue or better manage the crisis. The biggest problem on Johnson & Johnson’s side was a design flaw in the pills that were contaminated: they were capsules. The capsules could be broken apart and put back together, which allowed for tampering on store shelves. Even though the tampering was not their fault, the responsibility for the safe design of the pills rested on their shoulders. Another problem was that the packages were not safety sealed where tampering could be easily detected. Had Johnson & Johnson fixed these designed flaws when the first crisis occurred in 1982, the second one may never have come to pass. Better research and development along these lines would have helped them better manage the crisis. Perpetrators are always looking for new ways to commit their crimes, so Johnson & Johnson must continuously be prepared for new ways of tampering to occur. This is especially true with the advent of new technologies that could possibly allow for even the most seemingly tamper-resistant packaging to be breached or for false packages to be placed on shelves in order to fool unknowing consumers. Essentially, the company needs to stay on its toes and carefully consider the different ways in which tampering could possibly occur with their different products in order to protect itself from both internal and external product contamination cases. Furthermore, Johnson & Johnson should always keep its employees informed about how to spot potential dangers and give them a protocol to follow in case they occur. Just because they made it through the first round of crises with flying colors does not mean that they could

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Supply chain management - Essay Example Earlier, companies were individual entities that gained profit for itself and were based on specified strategy of their production programs, which was not necessarily connected to the external world. However, in the future, companies will either be trading partners where the companies are linked to selected partners through exchange program, or the companies will have integrated supply chain management, which can build relationship with customers and suppliers. Christopher (1998) found competition is not within firms but between the supply chains. The main difficulty is to develop SCM, which not only creates effective relationship with supplier and customers but also is transparent, definable, demonstrable, tangible and communicable for the involved parties. Organizations have been making use of collection of methods, tools, techniques and programs for SCM. Fisher (1997) found two distinctive approaches in supply chain - efficient supply chain and responsive supply chain. The applica tion of SCM improves efficiency of industries and the target is to improve competiveness and profitability (Ellram 1991; Cooper et al. 1997; Persson 1997; Christopher 1998; Mentzer 2001). 2. Supplier Partnerships Working with suppliers provides an opportunity to acquire high quality products and services. Additionally, long term loyalty can be developed. The concept of JIT becomes significant in this regard where the raw materials are delivered on need and not before. Deming (1986) claimed building long-term relationship with suppliers can ensure improved products delivery. For long term commitment, the organization needs to be involved and each party has to contribute to the process of production and manufacturing. The supplier and buyer both need to understand that ultimately the goal is to satisfy the customers and hence, the decision should be made as a team. Various types of sourcing are used for supplier partnership such as single sourcing and multiple sourcing. In case of mul tiple sourcing, the products are delivered through competition. Further, it also reduces the disruption of work. Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa’s (1980) ten principles on supplier and buyer relationship include: 1. Customer and supplier are responsible for quality control. 2. Customer and supplier should respect the independence of other. 3. Supplier is entitled to get complete information from the customer. 4. The contract should be based on quality, price, quantity, method of delivery and payment terms. 5. Supplier should provide the quality desired by the customer to ensure satisfaction. 6. The quality should be determined through mutual consent. 7. The settlement of disputes should be made through agreement. 8. Frequent exchange of information should be promoted to improve the service or product quality. 9. The partner should be involved in procurement, inventory planning and production. 10. The interest of end users should be considered above all. In the case - NOSC has a proposal t o enter into ULV’s partnering agreement for office supplies; offering discounts between 50% and 70% will help to reduce total costs of acquisition of supplies. Additionally, it would provide daily deliveries of supplies to users. In return, ULV will use NOSC exclusively for the purchase of office supplies. It can be concluded the partnership is beneficial for both the parties. 3. Supplier Partnership

Cb2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cb2 - Assignment Example This, therefore, means that the social class can be based the objective of classification, how people think of others and the reputation that an individual claims or deserves. This is different from income in that a person may have high-income levels and yet his or her reputation is low within the society. Therefore, a person’s income is just one of the factors that can determine the social class but it is not the social class itself. An achieved status refers to the status that is acquired through struggle and merit. This could be the status related to educational status or research achievements. It is therefore related to skills, abilities and efforts. On the other hand, an ascribed status is considered to be beyond the person’s control. This is based, therefore on attributes of a person that are fixed and natural. The classes related to sex, race and deformity are ascribed rather than acquired. Income is just one of the factors likely to be considered in describing the social class. However earning more money does not always lead to a change in social class (Wood, 2012). This is because influence, success and the impact that a person has in the society are always stronger indicators of social class than income. Therefore, a person may be earning a lot of money but his or her reputation and influence remain the same. Rich consumers can be grouped as old money or nouveau depending on how they display their wealth. For old money rich consumers, their wealth remains unseen. They are rich but do not care to display conspicuous consumption in any way. The Nouveau, on the other hand, are those rich consumers who display their spending and consumption with the motive of getting a reputation and a social class upgrade (Wood, 2012). They have symbolic self-completion such as flashy cars to display their wealth. In most contexts, the term social class is controversial. This means that different

Why people should continue cutting down the rainforest Essay - 1

Why people should continue cutting down the rainforest - Essay Example These types are also divided into sub categories. Forests are not only important in providing the lumber, which is a renewable and sustainable material, but they are important in providing an economic growth but providing an agricultural land and reserving water for the agricultural land. Tropical rainforests are best in hold the rainwater but sometimes the plants and trees becomes so congested that one tree or plant becomes make the other’s plats life span short. In this way, the dead plants become more dangerous than carbon dioxide in some cases. Rainforest has mainly two major types: tropical rainforest and the other is temperate rainforest. Tropical rainforests are mostly located near equator, they receive more solar energy, and thus they have a warm and humid climate. In tropical rainforest, it rains quite well and one can find a tropical rainforest with high level of moisture and rain (Whitmore 32-39). Most of the trees in a tropical rainforest have broad leaves. A temperate rainforest is the one, which is farther from the equator, and it has a cool climate and there are less species of trees in a temperate rainforest. The trees in a temperate rainforest have needle shaped leaves. The other types of rainforests are montane rainforests, subtropical rainforests, mangrove rainforests, monsoon rainforests, lowland rainforests and flooded rainforests. In the tropical rainforests, plants and trees grow at a much faster pace that other type of forests (Whitmore 38-40). Therefore, if a rainforest managed sustainably, rainforests have the capability to meet the lumber requirements. Today most of the lumber requirements are provided by plantation forests where hard wood and softwood is grown to make the lumber available for the construction as well as other purposes like furniture making and others. Wood frame construction is a method of construction that is prior method for home construction from many years. Today people

General Patton leadership during war Research Paper

General Patton leadership during war - Research Paper Example Defeat in a war not only means political and also cultural loss of a nation but also massive loss of youth life with no purpose gained. A war commander’s purpose is to visualize enemy’s approach and accordingly formulate strategies to achieve victory on the battlefield. For this, he has to efficiently and effectively communicate his visions and missions to his subordinates. An able commander is largely responsible for a nation’s success or failure in a war (Sanderson, 1997, pp.1-2). This paper explores the leadership strategies and attitude of one of the most renowned American war commandant George S. Patton Jr. Considered as one of the most successful military men of all times, General George Smith Patton, Jr. was born on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California. He is famous for his commanding power of any war and his strong leadership style. He used to carry pistols with ivory handles and was known for his temper. He showed immense persistence in driving his troops to acquire excellence in their wartime skills. Even during his childhood days, Patton nurtured the dream of becoming a military man, and he never indulged in any other career option. His passion for war and weapons was born from hearing stories of bravery and successful missions about his ancestors who were involved in various wars like the Revolutionary War, the Mexican War and the Civil War. After attending Virginia Military Institute for one year, he completed his graduation from the United States Military Academy at West Point on June 11, 1909. After that he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the 15th cavalry Regi ment. In the year 1912, George Patton participated in the Olympics that was held in Stockholm. As a representative of the United States, he competed with other rivals in the first Modern Pentathlon. This event initially was open only for military officers, and it was a stringent test to